Setsi sa Bokhabane bakeng sa Lisebelisoa le Lisebelisoa tsa Tšireletso (CEPEM), 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada
Sebelisa sehokelo se ka tlase ho arolelana mongolo o felletseng oa sengoloa sena le metsoalle le basebetsi-'moho.ithute haholoanyane.
Mekhatlo ea bophelo bo botle ea sechaba e khothaletsa sechaba hore se sebelise limaske ho fokotsa ho ata ha mafu a bakoang ke moea a kang COVID-19.Ha maske a sebetsa joalo ka filthara e sebetsang hantle haholo, ho ata ha vaerase ho tla fokotseha, ka hona ho bohlokoa ho lekola ts'ebetso ea particle filtration (PFE) ea mask.Leha ho le joalo, litšenyehelo tse phahameng le nako e telele ea ho etella pele e amanang le ho reka sistimi ea turnkey PFE kapa ho hira laboratori e ngolisitsoeng ka molao ho sitisa tlhahlobo ea lisebelisoa tsa sefa.Ho hlakile hore ho na le tlhoko ea sistimi ea tlhahlobo ea PFE e "tloaelehileng";leha ho le joalo, litekanyetso tse fapaneng tse fanang ka tlhahlobo ea PFE ea limaske (mohlala, ASTM International, NIOSH) li fapana haholo ka ho hlaka ha liprothokholo le litataiso tsa bona.Mona, nts'etsopele ea sistimi ea "ka hare" ea PFE le mokhoa oa ho hlahloba limaske maemong a maemo a hajoale a mask a bongaka a hlalosoa.Ho latela maemo a machaba a ASTM, sistimi e sebelisa li-aerosols tsa latex spheres (0.1 µm nominal size) mme e sebelisa laser particle analyzer ho lekanya mahloriso a likaroloana holimo le tlase ho masela a mask.Etsa litekanyo tsa PFE masela a fapaneng a tloaelehileng le limaske tsa bongaka.Mokhoa o hlalositsoeng mosebetsing ona o kopana le litekanyetso tsa hajoale tsa tlhahlobo ea PFE, ha o ntse o fana ka maemo a feto-fetohang a ho ikamahanya le litlhoko tse fetohang le maemo a ho sefa.
Mekhatlo ea bophelo bo botle ea sechaba e khothaletsa sechaba ka kakaretso ho roala limaske ho fokotsa ho ata ha COVID-19 le mafu a mang a marotholi le aerosol.[1] Tlhokahalo ea ho roala limaske e sebetsa ho fokotsa phetiso, 'me [2] e bonts'a hore limaske tse sa lekoang tsa sechaba li fana ka sefa se molemo.Ebile, liphuputso tsa mohlala li bonts'itse hore phokotso ea phetisetso ea COVID-19 e batla e lekana le sehlahisoa se kopantsoeng sa ts'ebetso ea mask le sekhahla sa ho amoheloa, 'me mehato ena le e meng e ipapisitseng le baahi e na le phello e kopaneng ho fokotsang ho kena sepetlele le lefu.[3]
Palo ea limaske tsa bongaka tse netefalitsoeng le li-respirators tse hlokoang ke ba tsa bophelo bo botle le basebetsi ba bang ba pele e eketsehile haholo, e beha liphephetso ho liketane tse teng tsa tlhahiso le phepelo, mme e etsa hore bahlahisi ba bacha ba leke kapele le ho netefatsa lisebelisoa tse ncha.Mekhatlo e kang ASTM International le National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) e thehile mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho hlahloba limaske tsa bongaka;leha ho le joalo, lintlha tsa mekhoa ena li fapana haholo, ’me mokhatlo o mong le o mong o iketsetse litekanyetso tsa oona tsa tšebetso.
Particulate filtration performance (PFE) ke tšobotsi ea bohlokoahali ea mask hobane e amana le bokhoni ba eona ba ho sefa likaroloana tse nyane joalo ka li-aerosol.Li-mask tsa bongaka li tlameha ho fihlela lipehelo tse khethehileng tsa PFE[4-6] e le hore li ka netefatsoa ke mekhatlo ea taolo e kang ASTM International kapa NIOSH.Li-mask tsa ho buoa li netefalitsoe ke ASTM, 'me li-respirators tsa N95 li netefalitsoe ke NIOSH, empa limaske ka bobeli li tlameha ho fetisa boleng bo ikhethileng ba PFE.Mohlala, limaske tsa N95 li tlameha ho fihlela tlhoekiso ea 95% bakeng sa li-aerosol tse entsoeng ka likaroloana tsa letsoai tse nang le bophara ba palo ea 0.075 µm, athe limaske tsa ho buoa tsa ASTM 2100 L3 li tlameha ho fihlela tlhoekiso ea 98% bakeng sa li-aerosol tse entsoeng ka libolo tsa latex tse bophara ba 0.1 µm .
Likhetho tse peli tsa pele li theko e boima (> $1,000 ka sampole ea tlhahlobo, e hakanyetsoang ho> $150,000 bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse boletsoeng), mme nakong ea seoa sa COVID-19, ho ba le tieho ka lebaka la linako tse telele tsa ho fana le litaba tsa phepelo.Litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa tlhahlobo ea PFE le litokelo tse fokolang tsa phihlello-tse kopantsoeng le khaello ea tataiso e tiileng mabapi le litekolo tse ts'oanang tsa ts'ebetso - li entse hore bafuputsi ba sebelise mekhoa e fapaneng ea tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng, eo hangata e ipapisitseng le litekanyetso tse le 'ngoe kapa ho feta bakeng sa limaske tsa bongaka tse netefalitsoeng.
Thepa e khethehileng ea tlhahlobo ea mask e fumanehang libukeng tse teng hangata e tšoana le litekanyetso tse boletsoeng ka holimo tsa NIOSH kapa ASTM F2100/F2299.Leha ho le joalo, bafuputsi ba na le monyetla oa ho khetha kapa ho fetola moralo kapa liparamente tsa ts'ebetso ho latela likhetho tsa bona.Mohlala, liphetoho tsa lebelo la lisampole tsa lebelo, sekhahla sa phallo ea moea/aerosol, boholo ba sampole (sebaka), le sebopeho sa likaroloana tsa aerosol li sebelisitsoe.Lithuto tse ngata tsa morao-rao li sebelisitse lisebelisoa tse hlophisitsoeng ho lekola lisebelisoa tsa mask.Lisebelisoa tsena li sebelisa li-aerosols tsa sodium chloride 'me li haufi le litekanyetso tsa NIOSH.Ka mohlala, Rogak et al.(2020), Zangmeister et al.(2020), Drunic et al.(2020) le Joo et al.(2021) Lisebelisoa tsohle tse hahiloeng li tla hlahisa aerosol ea sodium chloride (boholo bo fapaneng), e ke keng ea qojoa ka tefiso ea motlakase, e hlapollotsoeng ka moea o hloekisitsoeng ebe e romeloa ho sampole ea lintho tse bonahalang, moo optical particle sizeer, condensed particles of various Combined particle concentrations [9] 14-16] Konda et al.(2020) le Hao et al.(2020) Sesebelisoa se ts'oanang se hahiloe, empa tefiso ea neutralizer e ne e sa kenyelletsoa.[8, 17] Lithutong tsena, lebelo la moea ka sampuli le ne le fapane pakeng tsa 1 le 90 L min-1 (ka linako tse ling ho lemoha liphello tsa phallo / lebelo);leha ho le joalo, lebelo la bokaholimo le ne le le lipakeng tsa 5.3 le 25 cm s-1 lipakeng.Saese ea mohlala e bonahala e fapana pakeng tsa ≈3.4 le 59 cm2.
Ho fapana le hoo, ho na le lithuto tse fokolang mabapi le tlhahlobo ea lisebelisoa tsa mask ka lisebelisoa tse sebelisang latex aerosol, e haufi le standard ea ASTM F2100/F2299.Ka mohlala, Bagheri et al.(2021), Shakya et al.(2016) le Lu et al.(2020) Ho ile ha etsoa sesebelisoa sa ho hlahisa polystyrene latex aerosol, e ileng ea hlapolloa le ho romelloa ho lisampole tsa lintho tse bonahalang, moo ho neng ho sebelisoa li-analyzers tse fapa-fapaneng tsa likaroloana kapa li-scanning mobility particle size analyzers ho lekanya mahloriso a likaroloana.[18-20] Le Lu et al.Tefiso neutralizer e ne e sebelisoa ka tlase ho jenereithara ea bona ea aerosol, 'me bangoli ba lithuto tse ling tse peli ha baa ka ba etsa joalo.Sekhahla sa ho phalla ha moea ka sampuli le sona se fetohile hanyenyane-empa ka har'a meeli ea F2299 standard-ho tloha ≈7.3 ho ea 19 L min-1.Lebelo la holim'a moea le ithutoang ke Bagheri et al.ke 2 le 10 cm s–1 (ka har'a mefuta e tloaelehileng), ka ho latellana.Le Lu et al., le Shakya et al.[18-20] Ho feta moo, mongoli le Shakya et al.Maqhubu a latex a lekiloeng a boholo bo fapaneng (ke hore, ka kakaretso, 20 nm ho isa ho 2500 nm).Le Lu et al.Bonyane litekong tse ling tsa bona, ba sebelisa boholo bo boletsoeng ba 100 nm (0.1 µm).
Mosebetsing ona, re hlalosa liqholotso tseo re tobanang le tsona ha re theha sesebelisoa sa PFE se lumellanang le litekanyetso tse teng tsa ASTM F2100/F2299 ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang.Har'a litekanyetso tse ka sehloohong tse tsebahalang (ke hore, NIOSH le ASTM F2100/F2299), maemo a ASTM a fana ka phetoho e kholo ho li-parameter (joalo ka sekhahla sa phallo ea moea) ho ithuta ts'ebetso ea ho sefa e ka amang PFE ho limaske tseo e seng tsa bongaka.Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha re bonts'itsoe, ho feto-fetoha ha maemo ho fana ka boemo bo eketsehileng ba ho rarahana ha ho qaptjoa lisebelisoa tse joalo.
Lik'hemik'hale li ile tsa rekoa ho Sigma-Aldrich 'me tsa sebelisoa kamoo li leng kateng.Styrene monomer (≥99%) e hloekisoa ka kholomo ea khalase e nang le alumina inhibitor remover, e etselitsoeng ho tlosa tert-butylcatechol.Metsi a deionized (≈0.037 µS cm–1) a tsoa tsamaisong ea ho hloekisa metsi ea Sartorius Arium.
100% cotton plain weave (Muslin CT) e nang le boima bo tloaelehileng ba 147 gm-2 e tsoa ho Veratex Lining Ltd., QC, 'me motsoako oa bamboo / spandex o tsoa ho D. Zinman Textiles, QC.Lisebelisoa tse ling tsa maske tsa mokhethoa li tsoa ho barekisi ba masela ba lehae (Fabricland).Lisebelisoa tsena li kenyelletsa masela a mabeli a fapaneng a 100% a k'hothone a lohiloeng (a nang le likhatiso tse fapaneng), lesela le le leng le lohiloeng la k'hothone / spandex, masela a lohiloeng a k'hothone / polyester (e le 'ngoe ea "universal" le "sweater" e le 'ngoe) le K'hothone e sa lohiloeng / polypropylene e kopantsoeng. lisebelisoa tsa ho betha k'hothone.Letlapa la 1 le bonts'a kakaretso ea thepa ea masela e tsebahalang.Bakeng sa ho tšoaea lisebelisoa tse ncha, limaske tsa bongaka tse netefalitsoeng li ile tsa fumanoa lipetleleng tsa lehae, ho kenyeletsoa ASTM 2100 Level 2 (L2) le Level 3 (L3; Halyard) limaske tsa bongaka tse netefalitsoeng le li-respirators tsa N95 (3M).
Sampole e chitja ea bophara ba limilimithara tse ka bang 85 e ile ea khaoloa ho tloha nthong e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e lokelang ho lekoa;ha ho na liphetoho tse ling tse entsoeng ho thepa (mohlala, ho hlatsoa).Tobetsa loop ea lesela ka har'a sets'oants'o sa sampole sa sesebelisoa sa PFE bakeng sa tlhahlobo.Bophara ba sebele ba sampuli bo amanang le phallo ea moea ke 73 mm, 'me lisebelisoa tse setseng li sebelisetsoa ho lokisa sampuli ka thata.Bakeng sa mask a kopaneng, lehlakore le amang sefahleho le hole le aerosol ea thepa e fanoeng.
Synthesis ea monodisperse anionic polystyrene latex spheres ka emulsion polymerization.Ho latela mokhoa o hlalositsoeng thutong e fetileng, karabelo e entsoe ka mokhoa oa semi-batch oa tlala ea monomer.[21, 22] Eketsa metsi a hloekisitsoeng (160 mL) ho 250 mL e pota-potileng e pota-potileng e nang le melamo e meraro 'me ue behe ka bateng ea oli e susumetsang.Joale botlolo e ile ea hloekisoa ka naetrojene le styrene monomer (2.1 mL) e se nang inhibitor e kenngoa ka har'a flask e hloekisitsoeng, e tsitsitsoeng.Ka mor'a metsotso e 10 ka 70 ° C, eketsa sodium lauryl sulfate (0.235 g) e qhibilihisitsoeng ka metsing a hloekisitsoeng (8 mL).Ka mor'a metsotso e meng e 5, potassium persulfate (0.5 g) e qhibililoe ka metsing a hloekisitsoeng (2 mL) e ile ea kenngoa.Nakong ea lihora tse 5 tse latelang, sebelisa pompo ea seringe ho kenya butle-butle styrene e se nang inhibitor (20 mL) ka har'a flaske ka sekhahla sa 66 µL min-1.Kamora hore infusion ea styrene e phetheloe, karabelo e ile ea tsoela pele ka lihora tse ling tse 17.Joale botlolo e ile ea buloa 'me ea pholile ho felisa polymerization.Emulsion e entsoeng ka polystyrene latex e ile ea hlajoa khahlanong le metsi a hloekisitsoeng ka har'a tube ea SnakeSkin dialysis (3500 Da molecular weight cut-off) ka matsatsi a mahlano, 'me metsi a deionized a nkeloa sebaka letsatsi le leng le le leng.Tlosa emulsion ho tswa ho "dialysis tube" 'me ue boloke ka sehatsetsing ka 4 ° C ho fihlela e sebelisoa.
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) e entsoe ka Brookhaven 90Plus analyzer, laser wavelength e ne e le 659 nm, 'me angle ea detector e ne e le 90°.Sebelisa software e kentsoeng ka har'a tharollo ea likaroloana (v2.6; Brookhaven Instruments Corporation) ho sekaseka lintlha.The latex suspension e hlapollotsoe ka metsi a deionized ho fihlela palo ea likaroloana e ka ba lipalo tse likete tse 500 motsotsoana (kcps).Boholo ba likaroloana bo ne bo ikemiselitse ho ba 125 ± 3 nm, 'me polydispersity e tlalehiloeng e ne e le 0.289 ± 0.006.
ZetaPlus zeta bokhoni ba ho hlahloba (Brookhaven Instruments Corp.) bo ne bo sebelisetsoa ho fumana boleng bo lekantsoeng ba bokhoni ba zeta ka mokhoa oa ho hasanya leseli la mohato.Mohlala o lokisitsoe ka ho kenyelletsa aliquot ea latex ho tharollo ea 5 × 10-3m NaCl le ho hlapolla latex suspension hape ho finyella palo ea likaroloana tse ka bang 500 kcps.Litekanyo tse hlano tse pheta-phetoang (e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e nang le 30 runs) e ile ea etsoa, e fellang ka matla a zeta a ka bang -55.1 ± 2.8 mV, moo phoso e emelang ho kheloha ha maemo a karolelano ea makhetlo a mahlano a pheta-pheta.Litekanyo tsena li bontša hore likaroloana li qosoa hampe 'me li theha ho emisa ho tsitsitseng.DLS le lintlha tse ka bang teng tsa zeta li ka fumanoa litafoleng tsa tlhahisoleseding tse tšehetsang S2 le S3.
Re ile ra haha thepa ho latela litekanyetso tsa Machaba tsa ASTM, joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ka tlase le ho bontšoa ho Setšoantšo sa 1. The single-jet Blaustein atomization module (BLAM; CHTech) jenereithara ea aerosol e sebelisetsoa ho hlahisa li-aerosol tse nang le libolo tsa latex.Moea o hloekisitsoeng (o fumanoeng ka GE Healthcare Whatman 0.3 µm HEPA-CAP le 0.2 µm POLYCAP TF filters in series) o kena ka jenereithara ea aerosol ka khatello ea 20 psi (6.9 kPa) 'me e etsa atomize karolo ea 5 mg L-1 ho fanyeha Mokelikeli o kenngoa ka har'a bolo ea latex ea thepa ka pompo ea syringe (KD Scientific Model 100).Likaroloana tsa metsi a aerosolized li omisitsoe ka ho fetisa moea o phallang o siea jenereithara ea aerosol ka mochine oa mocheso oa tubula.Mocheso o na le leqeba la 5/8 "ea tšepe e sa hloekang e nang le khoele ea ho futhumatsa e bolelele ba limithara tse 8.Sehlahisoa ke 216 W (BriskHeat).Ho ea ka ho daela ha eona ho feto-fetohang, tlhahiso ea mocheso e behiloe ho 40% ea boleng bo phahameng ba sesebelisoa (≈86 W);sena se hlahisa mocheso o tloaelehileng oa lerako la 112 ° C (ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng ≈1 °C), e khethiloeng ke tekanyo ea thermocouple (Taylor USA) e holimo.Setšoantšo sa S4 boitsebisong bo tšehetsang se akaretsa ts'ebetso ea heater.
Likaroloana tse omisitsoeng tsa athomo li kopantsoe le molumo o moholo oa moea o tlhotliloeng ho fihlela sekhahla sa phallo ea moea ea 28.3 L min-1 (ke hore, 1 cubic foot ka motsotso).Boleng bona bo khethiloe hobane ke lebelo le nepahetseng la phallo ea sesebelisoa sa laser particle analyzer sampling tlase ho sistimi.Moea o jereng likaroloana tsa latex o romelloa ho e 'ngoe ea likamore tse peli tse emeng tse otlolohileng (ke hore, li-tubes tsa tšepe tse boreleli): kamore ea "taolo" e se nang maske, kapa "sampole" e sehiloeng e ka senyehang. e kenngoa ka ntle ho lesela.Bophara bo ka hare ba likamore tse peli ke 73 mm, e lumellanang le bophara bo ka hare ba sets'oants'o sa mohlala.Motho ea ts'oereng mohlala o sebelisa mehele e kentsoeng le liboutu tse khutlisitsoeng ho tiisa thepa ea maske ka thata, ebe o kenya bracket e ka senyehang ka har'a lekhalo la kamore ea sampole, ebe o e tiisa ka thata sesebelisoa ka li-gaskets tsa rabara le li-clamp (Setšoantšo sa S2, tlhaiso-leseling ea tšehetso).
Bophara ba sampuli ea lesela le amanang le phallo ea moea ke 73 mm (sebaka = 41.9 cm2);e tiisitsoe ka kamoreng ea mohlala nakong ea tlhahlobo.Phallo ea moea e tlohang kamoreng ea "taolo" kapa "sample" e fetisetsoa ho laser particle analyzer (mokhoa oa ho lekanya likaroloana LASAIR III 110) ho lekanya palo le mahloriso a likaroloana tsa latex.The particle analyzer e bolela meeli e ka tlaase le e ka holimo ea mahloriso a likaroloana, ka ho latellana 2 × 10-4 le ≈ 34 likaroloana ka leoto la cubic (7 le ≈950 000 likaroloana ka leoto la cubic).Bakeng sa tekanyo ea motsoako oa latex particle, ho tlalehoa "lebokose" le nang le moeli o ka tlaase le moeli o ka holimo oa 0.10-0.15 µm, o lumellanang le boholo ba hoo e ka bang likaroloana tsa singlet latex ka har'a aerosol.Leha ho le joalo, litekanyo tse ling tsa meqomo li ka sebelisoa, 'me meqomo e mengata e ka hlahlojoa ka nako e le' ngoe, ka boholo ba likaroloana tsa 5 µm.
Thepa e boetse e kenyelletsa lisebelisoa tse ling, tse kang lisebelisoa tsa ho hlatsoa kamore le lisebelisoa tsa lisebelisoa ka moea o hloekileng o hloekileng, hammoho le li-valve le lisebelisoa tse hlokahalang (Setšoantšo sa 1).Litšoantšo tse feletseng tsa liphaephe le lisebelisoa li bontšoa ho Figure S1 le Lethathamo la S1 la tlhahisoleseding e tšehetsang.
Nakong ea teko, ho emisoa ha latex ho ile ha kenngoa ka jenereithara ea aerosol ka lebelo la phallo ea ≈60 ho 100 µL min-1 ho boloka tlhahiso e tsitsitseng ea likaroloana, hoo e ka bang 14-25 particles per cubic centimeter (400 000-per cubic centimeter) 700 000 likaroloana).Maoto) ka moqomong oa boholo ba 0.10–0.15 µm.Sekhahla sena sa phallo sea hlokahala ka lebaka la liphetoho tse hlokometsoeng mokolokong oa likaroloana tsa latex tlase ho jenereithara ea aerosol, e ka 'nang ea bakoa ke liphetoho tsa palo ea ho emisoa ha latex e hapiloeng ke sefi sa mokelikeli sa jenereithara ea aerosol.
E le ho lekanya PFE ea sampuli ea lesela le fanoeng, latex particle aerosol e qala ka ho fetisoa ka phaposing ea taolo ebe e lebisoa ho particle analyzer.Lekanya ka ho tsoelang pele ho kopana ha likaroloana tse tharo ka tatellano e potlakileng, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e tšoarella motsotso o le mong.The particle analyzer e tlaleha nako e tloaelehileng ea mahloriso a likaroloana nakong ea tlhahlobo, ke hore, kakaretso ea likaroloana motsotsong o le mong (28.3 L) oa sampole.Ka mor'a ho nka litekanyo tsena tsa motheo ho theha palo e tsitsitseng ea likaroloana le sekhahla sa phallo ea khase, aerosol e fetisetsoa kamoreng ea mohlala.Hang ha tsamaiso e fihla tekano (hangata metsotsoana e 60-90), litekanyo tse ling tse tharo tse latellanang tsa motsotso o le mong li nkoa ka tatellano e potlakileng.Mehlala ena ea litekanyo e emela mokoloko oa likaroloana tse fetang sampole ea lesela.Ka mor'a moo, ka ho arola phallo ea aerosol ho khutlela kamoreng ea taolo, litekanyo tse ling tse tharo tsa mahloriso li ile tsa nkoa ho tloha ka kamoreng ea ho laola ho netefatsa hore motsoako oa karolo e holimo ha oa fetoha haholo nakong ea tlhahlobo eohle ea tlhahlobo.Kaha moralo oa likamore tse peli o ts'oana - ntle le hore kamore ea mohlala e ka amohela mohlala - maemo a phallo ka phaposing a ka nkuoa a ts'oana, ka hona, khatello ea likaroloana tsa khase e siea phaposi ea taolo le kamore ea mohlala. e ka bapisoa.
E le ho boloka bophelo ba sesebelisoa sa particle analyzer le ho tlosa likaroloana tsa aerosol tsamaisong pakeng tsa teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, sebelisa sefofane sa moea se hloekisitsoeng sa HEPA ho hloekisa mohlahlobi oa likaroloana ka mor'a tekanyo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, 'me u hloekise kamore ea sampuli pele u fetola lisampole.Ka kopo, sheba Setšoantšo sa S1 boitsebisong ba ts'ehetso bakeng sa setšoantšo sa moralo oa tsamaiso ea moea e sebelisoang sesebelisoa sa PFE.
Palo ena e emela tekanyo e le 'ngoe ea PFE e "phetang" bakeng sa sampole ea thepa e le 'ngoe 'me e lekana le palo ea PFE ho ASTM F2299 (Equation (2)).
Lisebelisoa tse hlalositsoeng ho §2.1 li ne li phephetsoa ka li-aerosols tsa latex tse sebelisang thepa ea PFE e hlalositsoeng ho §2.3 ho fumana hore na li tšoaneleha hakae e le lisebelisoa tsa mask.Setšoantšo sa 2 se bonts'a 'malo o fumanoeng ho mohlahlobi oa mahloriso,' me boleng ba PFE ba masela a sweatshi le lisebelisoa tsa ho betha li lekantsoe ka nako e le 'ngoe.Litlhahlobo tse tharo tsa mehlala li entsoe bakeng sa kakaretso ea lisebelisoa tse peli le ho pheta-pheta tse tšeletseng.Ho hlakile hore 'malo oa pele oa lihlopha tse tharo (tse nang le mebala e khanyang) hangata o fapane le tse ling tse peli.Ka mohlala, 'malo oa pele o fapane le karolelano ea lipalo tse ling tse peli ho 12-15 triples ho Figure 2 ka ho feta 5%.Tlhokomelo ena e amana le ho leka-lekana ha moea o nang le aerosol o phallang ka har'a mohlahlobi oa likaroloana.Joalokaha ho boletsoe ka Lisebelisoa le Mekhoa, lipalo tsa tekano (taolo ea bobeli le ea boraro le mehlala ea ho bala) li ile tsa sebelisoa ho bala PFE ka mebala e lefifi e putsoa le e khubelu ho Figure 2, ka ho latellana.Ka kakaretso, karolelano ea boleng ba PFE ea likopi tse tharo ke 78% ± 2% bakeng sa lesela la jesi le 74% ± 2% bakeng sa thepa ea ho betha k'hothone.
Ho lekanya ts'ebetso ea sistimi, limaske tsa bongaka tse netefalitsoeng tsa ASTM 2100 (L2, L3) le li-respirators tsa NIOSH (N95) le tsona li ile tsa hlahlojoa.Tekanyetso ea ASTM F2100 e beha katleho ea "sub-micron filtration" ea likaroloana tsa 0.1 µm tsa boemo ba 2 le limaske tsa boemo ba 3 hore e be ≥ 95% le ≥ 98% ka ho latellana.[5] Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, li-respirators tsa N95 tse netefalitsoeng ke NIOSH li tlameha ho bonts'a ts'ebetso ea ho sefa ea ≥95% bakeng sa nanoparticles ea atomized NaCl e nang le bophara ba 0.075 µm.[24] Rengasamy et al.Ho latela litlaleho, limaske tse tšoanang tsa N95 li bonts'a boleng ba PFE ba 99.84% -99.98%, [25] Zangmeister et al.Ho ea ka litlaleho, N95 ea bona e hlahisa katleho e fokolang ea ho hloekisa e fetang 99.9%, [14] ha Joo et al.Ho latela litlaleho, limaske tsa 3M N95 li hlahisitse 99% ea PFE (300 nm particles), [16] le Hao et al.N95 PFE e tlalehiloeng (300 nm particles) ke 94.4%.[17] Bakeng sa limaske tse peli tsa N95 tse phephetsoeng ke Shakya et al.ka libolo tsa latex tse 0.1 µm, PFE e theohile hoo e ka bang pakeng tsa 80% le 100%.[19] Ha Lu et al.U sebelisa libolo tsa latex tsa boholo bo lekanang ho lekola limaske tsa N95, PFE e tloaelehileng e tlalehoa e le 93.8%.[20] Liphetho tse fumanoeng ho sebelisoa lisebelisoa tse hlalositsoeng mosebetsing ona li bontša hore PFE ea mask a N95 ke 99.2 ± 0.1%, e lumellanang hantle le lithuto tse ngata tse fetileng.
Li-mask tsa ho buoa li boetse li lekoa lithutong tse 'maloa.Li-mask tsa ho buoa tsa Hao et al.e bontšitse PFE (300 nm particles) ea 73.4%, [17] ha limaske tse tharo tsa ho buoa li lekoa ke Drewnick et al.PFE e hlahisitse mefuta e ka bang 60% ho ea ho hoo e ka bang 100%.[15] (Mask ea ho qetela e ka ba mohlala o tiisitsoeng.) Leha ho le joalo, Zangmeister et al.Ho latela litlaleho, ts'ebetso e tlase ea ho sefa ea limaske tse peli tsa ho buoa tse lekiloeng e phahame hanyane ho feta 30%, [14] e tlase haholo ho feta limaske tsa ho buoa tse lekiloeng thutong ena.Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, "mask ea ho buoa e putsoa" e lekiloeng ke Joo et al.Paka hore PFE (300 nm particles) ke 22% feela.[16] Shakya et al.e tlaleha hore PFE ea limaske tsa ho buoa (e sebelisang 0.1 µm latex particles) e fokotsehile ka 60-80%.[19] Ka ho sebelisa libolo tsa latex tsa boholo bo lekanang, 'mask oa ho buoa oa Lu et al. o hlahisitse sephetho se tloaelehileng sa PFE sa 80.2%.[20] Ha ho bapisoa, PFE ea mask a rona a L2 ke 94.2 ± 0.6%, 'me PFE ea mask ea L3 ke 94.9 ± 0.3%.Leha li-PFE tsena li feta li-PFE tse ngata libukeng, re tlameha ho hlokomela hore ha ho na boemo ba setifikeiti bo boletsoeng liphuputsong tse fetileng, mme limaske tsa rona tsa ho buoa li fumane lengolo la 2 le boemo ba 3.
Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le lisebelisoa tsa maske tsa mokhethoa ho Setšoantšo sa 2, ho ile ha etsoa liteko tse tharo ho lisebelisoa tse ling tse ts'eletseng ho bona hore na li nepahetse ho maske le ho bonts'a ts'ebetso ea sesebelisoa sa PFE.Setšoantšo sa 3 se rala boleng ba PFE ba lisebelisoa tsohle tse lekiloeng mme se li bapisa le boleng ba PFE bo fumanoeng ka ho lekola lisebelisoa tsa mask tsa L3 le N95 tse netefalitsoeng.Ho tsoa ho limaske tse 11 / lisebelisoa tsa mask a likhetho tse khethiloeng bakeng sa mosebetsi ona, mefuta e mengata ea ts'ebetso ea PFE e ka bonoa ka ho hlaka, ho tloha ho ≈10% ho isa ho 100%, e tsamaellanang le lithuto tse ling, [8, 9, 15] le litlhaloso tsa indasteri. Ha ho na kamano e hlakileng lipakeng tsa PFE le PFE.Mohlala, lisebelisoa tse nang le sebopeho se ts'oanang (lisampole tse peli tsa 100% tsa k'hothone le muslin ea k'hothone) li bonts'a boleng bo fapaneng haholo ba PFE (14%, 54%, le 13%, ka ho latellana).Empa ho bohlokoa hore ts'ebetso e tlase (mohlala, 100% ea k'hothone A; PFE ≈ 14%), ts'ebetso e mahareng (mohlala, 70%/30% motsoako oa k'hothone / polyester; PFE ≈ 49%) le ts'ebetso e phahameng (mohlala, sweatshi Lesela; PFE ≈ 78%) Lesela le ka tsejoa ka ho hlaka ho sebelisoa thepa ea PFE e hlalositsoeng mosebetsing ona.Haholo-holo masela a jesi le lisebelisoa tsa ho betha k'hothone li sebelitse hantle haholo, ka li-PFE ho tloha ho 70% ho isa ho 80%.Lisebelisoa tse joalo tsa ts'ebetso e phahameng li ka tsejoa le ho hlahlojoa ka ho qaqileng ho utloisisa litšobotsi tse tlatsetsang ts'ebetsong ea tsona e phahameng ea ho hloekisa.Leha ho le joalo, re batla ho hopotsa hore hobane liphetho tsa PFE tsa lisebelisoa tse nang le litlhaloso tse tšoanang tsa indasteri (ke hore lisebelisoa tsa k'hothone) li fapane haholo, lintlha tsena ha li bonts'e hore na ke lisebelisoa life tse bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa limaske tsa masela, 'me ha rea ikemisetsa ho fana ka thepa- lihlopha tsa lintho tse bonahalang.Khokahano ea ts'ebetso.Re fana ka mehlala e ikhethileng ho bonts'a ho lekanya, ho bonts'a hore tekanyo e akaretsa mefuta eohle ea bokhoni ba ho sefa, le ho fana ka boholo ba phoso ea tekanyo.
Re fumane liphetho tsena tsa PFE ho paka hore lisebelisoa tsa rona li na le mefuta e mengata ea litekanyo, phoso e tlase, le ho bapisoa le data e fumanoeng libukeng.Ka mohlala, Zangmeister et al.Liphetho tsa PFE tsa masela a 'maloa a k'hothone (mohlala, "Cotton 1-11″) (89 ho ea ho likhoele tse 812 ka inch) li tlalehiloe.Linthong tse 9 ho tse 11, "botle bo fokolang ba ho sefa" bo tloha ho 0% ho isa ho 25%;PFE ea lisebelisoa tse ling tse peli e ka bang 32%.[14] Ka ho tšoanang, Konda et al.Lintlha tsa PFE tsa masela a mabeli a k'hothone (80 le 600 TPI; 153 le 152 gm-2) li tlalehoa.PFE e tloha ho 7% ho isa ho 36% le 65% ho isa ho 85%, ka ho latellana.Thutong ea Drewnick et al., ka masela a k'hothone a lera le le leng (ke hore k'hothone, k'hothone e lohiloeng, moleton; 139-265 TPI; 80-140 gm-2), mefuta e mengata ea PFE e ka ba 10% ho isa ho 30%.Thutong ea Joo et al., thepa ea bona ea k'hothone ea 100% e na le PFE ea 8% (300 nm particles).Bagheri et al.e sebelisitsoeng polystyrene latex likaroloana tsa 0.3 ho 0.5 µm.PFE ea lisebelisoa tse tšeletseng tsa k'hothone (120-200 TPI; 136-237 gm-2) e ne e lekantsoe, ho tloha ho 0% ho ea ho 20%.[18] Ka hona, boholo ba lisebelisoa tsena li lumellana hantle le liphetho tsa PFE tsa masela a rona a mararo a k'hothone (e leng Veratex Muslin CT, Fabric Store Cottons A le B), 'me ka karolelano katleho ea bona ea ho hloekisa ke 13%, 14% le ka ho latellana.54%.Liphetho tsena li bontša hore ho na le phapang e kholo pakeng tsa lisebelisoa tsa k'hothone le hore thepa ea thepa e lebisang ho PFE e phahameng (e leng Konda et al.'s 600 TPI cotton; cotton B ea rona) ha e utloisisoe hantle.
Ha re etsa lipapiso tsena, rea lumela hore ho thata ho fumana lisebelisoa tse lekiloeng libukeng tse nang le litšobotsi tse tšoanang (e leng, sebopeho sa thepa, ho loha le ho loha, TPI, boima, joalo-joalo) le lisebelisoa tse lekiloeng thutong ena, le ka hona e ke ke ea bapisoa ka ho toba.Ho phaella moo, ho se tšoane ha lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang ke bangoli le ho hloka maemo ho etsa hore ho be thata ho etsa lipapiso tse ntle.Leha ho le joalo, ho hlakile hore kamano ea ts'ebetso / ts'ebetso ea masela a tloaelehileng ha e utloisisoe hantle.Thepa e tla tsoela pele ho lekoa ka lisebelisoa tse tloaelehileng, tse tenyetsehang le tse tšepahalang (joalo ka lisebelisoa tse hlalositsoeng mosebetsing ona) ho fumana likamano tsena.
Leha ho na le phoso e felletseng ea lipalo (0-5%) lipakeng tsa replicate e le 'ngoe (0-4%) le lisampole tse hlahlobiloeng ka makhetlo a mararo, lisebelisoa tse reriloeng mosebetsing ona li ipakile e le sesebelisoa se sebetsang sa tlhahlobo ea PFE ea lisebelisoa tse fapaneng.Masela a tloaelehileng ho limaske tsa bongaka tse netefalitsoeng.Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore har'a lisebelisoa tsa 11 tse lekiloeng bakeng sa Setšoantšo sa 3, phoso ea ho phatlalatsoa σprop e feta phapang e tloaelehileng pakeng tsa litekanyo tsa PFE tsa sampole e le 'ngoe, ke hore, σsd ea lisebelisoa tse 9 ho tse 11;mekhelo ena e 'meli e etsahala ka boleng bo phahameng haholo ba PFE (ke hore L2 le L3 mask).Leha liphetho tse hlahisitsoeng ke Rengasamy et al.Ho bontša hore phapang pakeng tsa lisampole tse phetoang e nyane (ke hore, ho pheta-pheta ha hlano <0.29%), [25] ba ithutile lisebelisoa tse nang le thepa e phahameng e tsebahalang ea ho sefa e etselitsoeng ka ho khetheha bakeng sa tlhahiso ea mask: thepa ka boeona e ka 'na ea e-ba e ts'oanang,' me teko e boetse ke Sena. sebaka sa mofuta oa PFE se kanna sa ts'oana.Ka kakaretso, liphetho tse fumanoeng ho sebelisoa lisebelisoa tsa rona li lumellana le data ea PFE le litekanyetso tsa setifikeiti tse fumanoeng ke bafuputsi ba bang.
Leha PFE e le sesupo sa bohlokoa sa ho lekanya ts'ebetso ea mask, ntlheng ena re tlameha ho hopotsa babali hore tlhahlobo e felletseng ea lisebelisoa tsa maske tsa nako e tlang e tlameha ho nahana ka lintlha tse ling, ke hore, ho kenella ha thepa (ke hore, ka ho theoha ha khatello kapa tlhahlobo ea khatello ea phapang. ).Ho na le melaoana ho ASTM F2100 le F3502.Phefumoloho e amohelehang ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa matšeliso a motho ea apereng le ho thibela ho tsoa ha moeli oa mask nakong ea ho hema.Kaha PFE le phepelo ea moea ea lisebelisoa tse ngata tse tloaelehileng hangata li lekana, tekanyo ea khatello e lokela ho etsoa hammoho le tekanyo ea PFE ho lekola ts'ebetso ea maske ka botlalo.
Re khothaletsa hore litataiso tsa ho aha lisebelisoa tsa PFE ho latela ASTM F2299 li bohlokoa bakeng sa ntlafatso e tsoelang pele ea litekanyetso, tlhahiso ea lintlha tsa lipatlisiso tse ka bapisoang lipakeng tsa lilaboratori tsa lipatlisiso, le ntlafatso ea tlhoekiso ea aerosol.U itšetlehe feela ka tekanyetso ea NIOSH (kapa F3502), e hlalosang sesebelisoa se le seng (TSI 8130A) mme e thibela bafuputsi ho reka lisebelisoa tsa turnkey (mohlala, mekhoa ea TSI).Ho itšetleha ka litsamaiso tse emeng joalo ka TSI 8130A ho bohlokoa bakeng sa netefatso ea maemo a hajoale, empa e fokotsa nts'etsopele ea limaske, li-respirators, le mahlale a mang a ho hloekisa aerosol a hananang le tsoelopele ea lipatlisiso.Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore tekanyetso ea NIOSH e ile ea ntlafatsoa e le mokhoa oa ho hlahloba li-respirators tlas'a maemo a thata a lebeletsoeng ha thepa ena e hlokahala, empa ho fapana le hoo, limaske tsa ho buoa li lekoa ka mekhoa ea ASTM F2100 / F2299 .Sebopeho le setaele sa limaske tsa sechaba li tšoana le limaske tsa ho buoa, ho sa bolele hore li na le ts'ebetso e ntle haholo ea ho sefa joalo ka N95.Haeba limaske tsa ho buoa li ntse li hlahlojoa ho latela ASTM F2100/F2299, masela a tloaelehileng a lokela ho hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa o haufi le ASTM F2100/F2299.Ntle le moo, ASTM F2299 e lumella ho feto-fetoha ha maemo ho liparamente tse fapaneng (joalo ka sekhahla sa phallo ea moea le lebelo la holimo lithutong tsa ts'ebetso ea filthara), e ka etsang hore e be tekanyetso e phahameng e lekantsoeng tikolohong ea lipatlisiso.
Nako ea poso: Aug-30-2021