Lefapha la Meriana ea Bongaka, Sepetlele sa Batho sa Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Chaena
Lefapha la Bongaka ba Laboratori, Sepetlele se Affiliated sa Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan
Huang Huayi, Sekolo sa Bongaka ba Bongaka, Youjiang National Medical University, Baise, Guangxi, 533000, Mindray North America, Mahwah, New Jersey, 07430, USA.
Lefapha la Meriana ea Bongaka, Sepetlele sa Batho sa Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Chaena
Lefapha la Bongaka ba Laboratori, Sepetlele se Affiliated sa Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan
Huang Huayi, Sekolo sa Bongaka ba Bongaka, Youjiang National Medical University, Baise, Guangxi, 533000, Mindray North America, Mahwah, New Jersey, 07430, USA.
Sebelisa sehokelo se ka tlase ho arolelana mongolo o felletseng oa sengoloa sena le metsoalle le basebetsi-'moho.Ithute haholoanyane.
Bakeng sa ho utloisisa hamolemo liphetoho tsa pathological tsa COVID-19, e thusa taolong ea bongaka ea lefu lena le ho itokisetsa leqhubu la mafu a seoa a tšoanang nakong e tlang.
Litekanyetso tsa hematological tsa bakuli ba 52 ba COVID-19 ba amoheloang lipetleleng tse khethiloeng li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka morao.Lintlha li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa software ea lipalo ea SPSS.
Pele ho phekolo, li-subsets tsa T cell, li-lymphocyte tse feletseng, bophara ba lisele tse khubelu tsa mali (RDW), li-eosinophils le basophil li ne li le tlase haholo ho feta ka mor'a phekolo, ha matšoao a ho ruruha a neutrophils, neutrophils le lymphocyte The ratio (NLR) le C β-reactive protheine ( Maemo a CRP) hammoho le lisele tse khubelu tsa mali (RBC) le hemoglobin li ile tsa fokotseha haholo ka mor'a phekolo.Li-subsets tsa T cell, li-lymphocyte tse felletseng le li-basophil tsa bakuli ba matla le ba kulang haholo li ne li le tlase haholo ho feta tsa bakuli ba itekanetseng.Li-neutrophils, NLR, eosinophils, procalcitonin (PCT) le CRP li phahame haholo ho bakuli ba matla le ba kulang haholo ho feta bakuli ba itekanetseng.CD3+, CD8+, lymphocyte kaofela, liplatelete le li-basophil tsa bakuli ba fetang lilemo tse 50 li tlase ho feta ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 50, athe li-neutrophils, NLR, CRP, RDW ho bakuli ba fetang lilemo tse 50 li phahame ho feta ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 50.Ho bakuli ba matla le ba kulang haholo, ho na le kamano e ntle pakeng tsa nako ea prothrombin (PT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) le aspartate aminotransferase (AST).
T cell subsets, lymphocyte count, RDW, neutrophils, eosinophils, NLR, CRP, PT, ALT le AST ke matšoao a bohlokoa taolong, haholo ho bakuli ba kulang haholo le ba kulang haholo ba nang le COVID-19.
Lefu la seoa la 2019 la Coronavirus (COVID-19) le bakiloeng ke mofuta o mocha oa coronavirus le ile la qhoma ka Tšitoe 2019 mme la nama ka potlako lefatšeng ka bophara.1-3 Qalong ea ho qhoma, sepheo sa kliniki e ne e le lipontšo le lefu la seoa, ho kopantsoe le computed tomography ho setšoantšo sa bakuli ba 4 le ba 5, ebe ba fumanoa ba e-na le liphello tse ntle tsa nucleotide amplification.Leha ho le joalo, likotsi tse fapaneng tsa pathological li ile tsa fumanoa hamorao lithong tse fapaneng.6-9 Bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo bontša hore liphetoho tsa pathophysiological tsa COVID-19 li rarahane le ho feta.Tlhaselo ea kokoana-hloko e baka tšenyo ea litho tse ngata 'me sesole sa' mele se itšoara ka tsela e feteletseng.Keketseho ea li-cytokine tsa serum le alveolar le liprotheine tse arabelang ho ruruha li 'nile tsa hlokomeloa7, 10-12, le lymphopenia le li-subsets tse sa tloaelehang tsa T cell li fumanoe ho bakuli ba kulang haholo.13, 14 Ho tlalehoa hore karo-karolelano ea li-neutrophils ho li-lymphocyte e fetohile pontšo e sebetsang bakeng sa ho khetholla maqhutsu a kotsi le a kotsi a qoqotho ka mokhoa oa bongaka.15 NLR e ka boela ea thusa ho khetholla bakuli ba nang le lefu la ho ruruha ha ulcerative ho tloha ho laola bophelo bo botle.16 E boetse e na le karolo ho thyroiditis mme e amahanngoa le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2.17, 18 RDW ke letšoao la erythrocytosis.Liphuputso li fumane hore e thusa ho khetholla li-nodule tsa qoqotho, ho hlahloba lefu la ramatiki, lefu la lumbar disc le thyroiditis.19-21 CRP ke selelekela sa bokahohle sa ho ruruha 'me se ithutile maemong a mangata.22 Ho sa tsoa sibolloa hore NLR, RDW le CRP le tsona li na le seabo ho COVID-19 mme li na le karolo ea bohlokoa tlhahlobong ea lefu lena.11, 14, 23-25 Ka hona, liphetho tsa liteko tsa laboratori li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho lekola boemo ba mokuli le ho etsa liqeto tsa kalafo.Re ile ra sekaseka ka morao maemo a laboratori ea bakuli ba 52 ba COVID-19 ba neng ba le sepetlele lipetleleng tse khethiloeng tsa China Boroa ho latela kalafo ea bona ea pele le ea morao-rao, boima le lilemo tsa bona, ho utloisisa haholoanyane liphetoho tsa lefu lena le ho thusa taolong ea bongaka ea nakong e tlang. ea COVID-19.
Boithuto bona bo entse tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea bakuli ba 52 ba COVID-19 ba amohetseng sepetlele se khethiloeng sa Nanning Fourth ho tloha ka la 24 Pherekhong 2020 ho fihlela la 2 Hlakubele 2020. Har'a bona, ba 45 ba ne ba kula ka mokhoa o itekanetseng mme ba 5 ba kula hampe.Mohlala, lilemo li tsoa ho likhoeli tse 3 ho isa ho tse 85.Mabapi le bong, ho ne ho e-na le banna ba 27 le basali ba 25.Mokuli o na le matšoao a kang feberu, ho khohlela ho omileng, mokhathala, hlooho e opang, ho hema ka thata, ho tsubella nko, nko e ntšang mali, ’metso o bohloko, mesifa e bohloko, letšollo le myalgia.Computed tomography e ile ea bontša hore matšoafo a ne a le lerootho kapa a fatše, e leng se bontšang pneumonia.Hlakola ho latela khatiso ea bo 7 ea Litaelo tsa Tlhahlobo le Kalafo ea China COVID-19.E netefalitsoe ke tlhahlobo ea nako ea 'nete ea qPCR ea li-nucleotide tsa vaerase.Ho ea ka mekhoa ea ho hlahloba, bakuli ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse itekanetseng, tse matla le tse mahlonoko.Maemong a itekanetseng, mokuli o ba le feberu le lefu la ho hema, 'me liphuputso tsa litšoantšo li bontša mekhoa ea pneumonia.Haeba mokuli a kopana le leha e le efe ea litekanyetso tse latelang, ho hlahlojoa ho matla haholo: (a) khatello ea ho hema (tekanyo ea ho phefumoloha ≥30 phefumoloho / min);(b) ho phomola monoana oa mali a oksijene ≤93%;(c) khatello ea mali ea oksijene (PO2)) / Karolo e susumetsang ea O2 (Fi O2) ≤300 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa).Haeba mokuli a finyella leha e le efe ea litekanyetso tse latelang, ho hlahlojoa ho matla haholo: (a) ho hlōleha ho phefumoloha ho hlokang moea oa mechine;(b) ho makala;(c) ho hloleha ho hong ha litho tsa 'mele ho hlokang phekolo setsing sa tlhokomelo e matla (ICU).Ho ea ka litekanyetso tse ka holimo, bakuli ba 52 ba fumanoe ba kula haholo maemong a 2, ba kula haholo maemong a 5, 'me ba kula ka mokhoa o itekanetseng maemong a 45.
Bakuli bohle, ho kopanyelletsa le bakuli ba itekanetseng, ba matla le ba kulang haholo, ba phekoloa ho latela mekhoa e latelang ea motheo: (a) Kalafo e akaretsang ea adjuvant;(b) Phekolo ea likokoana-hloko: lopinavir/ritonavir le α-interferon;(c) Tekanyo ea foromo ea meriana ea setso ea Sechaena e ka fetoloa ho latela boemo ba mokuli.
Phuputso ena e ile ea amoheloa ke Komiti ea Tlhahlobo ea Setsi sa Lipatlisiso sa Nanning Fourth Hospital 'me e ne e sebelisetsoa ho bokella boitsebiso ba mokuli.
Tlhahlobo ea hematology ea mali: tlhahlobo ea hematology e tloaelehileng ea mali a peripheral e etsoa ho Mindray BC-6900 hematology analyzer (Mindray) le Sysmex XN 9000 hematology analyzer (Sysmex).The itima lijo ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulant sampuli ea mali e ile ea bokelloa hoseng ka mor'a hore mokuli a kene sepetlele.Tekanyetso ea ho tsitsa pakeng tsa bahlahlobi ba mali ba babeli ba ka holimo e ile ea netefatsoa ho latela mekhoa ea ho laola boleng ba laboratori.Tlhahlobong ea hematology, palo le karohano ea lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali (WBC), lisele tse khubelu tsa mali (RBC) le index li fumanoa hammoho le li-scatter plots le histograms.
Flow cytometry ea T lymphocyte subpopulations: BD (Becton, Dickinson le Company) FACSCalibur phallo cytometer e ne e sebelisetsoa ho hlahloba phallo ea cytometry ho hlahloba li-subpopulations tsa T cell.Sekaseka data ka MultiSET software.Tekanyo e ne e etsoa ho latela mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ts'ebetso le litaelo tsa moetsi.Sebelisa EDTA anticoagulated pokello ea mali ho bokella 2 ml ea mali a venous.Ka bonolo kopanya sampole ka ho phethola pompo ea sampole makhetlo a 'maloa ho thibela condensation.Ka mor'a hore sampuli e bokelloe, e romeloa laboratoring 'me e hlahlojoe nakong ea lihora tse 6 mocheso oa kamore.
Tlhahlobo ea Immunofluorescence: Protheine ea C-reactive (CRP) le procalcitonin (PCT) li ile tsa hlahlojoa hang ka mor'a hore ho phethoe tlhahlobo ho sebelisoa lisampole tsa mali tse hlahlobiloeng ke hematology, 'me tsa hlahlojoa ho FS-112 immunofluorescence analyzer (Wondfo Biotech Co., LTD.) tlhahlobo.) Latela litaelo tsa moetsi le litekanyetso tsa tsamaiso ea laboratori.
Hlahloba serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) le aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ho HITACHI LABOSPECT008AS chemical analyzer (HITACHI).Nako ea prothrombin (PT) e ile ea hlahlojoa ho STAGO STA-R Evolution analyzer (Diagnostica Stago).
Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR): Sebelisa litempele tsa RNA tse arohaneng le nasopharyngeal swabs kapa li-secretions tse tlase tsa phefumoloho ho etsa RT-qPCR ho bona SARS-CoV-2.Li-nucleic acid li ile tsa aroloa sethaleng sa SSNP-2000A nucleic acid karohano e ikemetseng (Bioperfectus Technologies).Thepa ea ho lemoha e fanoe ke Sun Yat-sen University Daan Gene Co., Ltd. le Shanghai BioGerm Medical Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Thermal cycle e entsoe ka ABI 7500 thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems).Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea viral nucleoside li hlalosoa e le tse ntle kapa tse mpe.
SPSS version 18.0 software e ne e sebelisetsoa ho hlahloba lintlha;teko ea t-sample e kopantsoeng ka bobeli, tlhahlobo ea t-sample e ikemetseng, kapa tlhahlobo ea Mann-Whitney U e sebelisitsoe, 'me boleng ba P <.05 bo nkoa bo le bohlokoa.
Bakuli ba bahlano ba kulang haholo le bakuli ba babeli ba neng ba kula haholo ba ne ba le baholo ho feta ba sehlopha se itekanetseng (69.3 vs. 40.4).Lintlha tse qaqileng tsa bakuli ba 5 ba kulang haholo le ba 2 ba kulang haholo li bontšoa ho Tafole 1A le B. Bakuli ba matla le ba kulang haholo hangata ba tlaase ho T cell subsets le palo eohle ea lymphocyte, empa palo ea lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali e batla e tloaelehile, ntle le bakuli. ka lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali tse phahameng (11.5 × 109/L).Li-neutrophils le monocyte hangata li phahame.Serum PCT, ALT, AST le PT tsa bakuli ba 2 ba kulang haholo le mokuli a le mong ea kulang haholo li ne li le holimo, 'me PT, ALT, AST ea mokuli a le mong ea kulang haholo le bakuli ba 2 ba kulang haholo ba ne ba amana hantle.Hoo e ka bang bakuli bohle ba 7 ba ne ba e-na le maemo a phahameng a CRP.Li-Eosinophils (EOS) le basophils (BASO) li atisa ho ba tlaase ho bakuli ba kulang haholo le ba kulang haholo (Letlapa la 1A le B).Lethathamo la 1 le thathamisa tlhaloso ea mefuta e tloaelehileng ea maemo a hematological ho batho ba baholo ba Machaena.
Tlhahlobo ea lipalo-palo e bontšitse hore pele ho phekolo, CD3 +, CD4 +, CD8 + T lisele, lymphocyte kaofela, RBC distribution width (RDW), eosinophils le basophil li ne li le tlaase haholo ho feta ka mor'a phekolo (P = .000,. 000, .000, .012, . 04, .000 le .001).Matšoao a ho ruruha a neutrophils, neutrophil / lymphocyte ratio (NLR) le CRP pele ho phekolo e ne e phahame haholo ho feta ka mor'a phekolo (P = .004, .011 le .017, ka ho latellana).Hb le RBC li fokotsehile haholo ka mor'a phekolo (P = .032, .026).PLT e ile ea eketseha ka mor'a phekolo, empa e ne e se ea bohlokoa (P = .183) (Letlapa la 2).
Li-subsets tsa T cell (CD3 +, CD4 +, CD8 +), li-lymphocyte le li-basophil tsa bakuli ba matla le ba kulang haholo li ne li le tlaase haholo ho feta tsa bakuli ba itekanetseng (P = .025, 0.048, 0.027, 0.006 le .046).Litekanyetso tsa li-neutrophils, NLR, PCT le CRP ho bakuli ba matla le ba kulang haholo li ne li phahame haholo ho feta tsa bakuli ba itekanetseng (P = .005, .002, .049 le .002, ka ho latellana).Bakuli ba matla le ba kulang haholo ba ne ba e-na le PLT e tlaase ho feta bakuli ba itekanetseng;leha ho le joalo, phapang e ne e se ea bohlokoa ka lipalo (Letlapa la 3).
CD3+, CD8+, lymphocyte kaofela, liplatelete, le li-basophil tsa bakuli ba fetang lilemo tse 50 li ne li le tlase haholo ho feta tsa bakuli ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 50 (P = .049, 0.018, 0.019, 0.010 le .039, ka ho latellana), ha ba fetang lilemo tse 50. Li-neutrophils tsa Bakuli ba lilemo tse 50, tekanyo ea NLR, litekanyetso tsa CRP le RDW li ne li phahame haholo ho feta tsa bakuli ba ka tlase ho lilemo tsa 50 (P = .0191, 0.015, 0.009, le .010, ka ho latellana) (Letlapa la 4).
COVID-19 e bakoa ke ts'oaetso ea coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, e qalileng ho hlaha Wuhan, China ka Tšitoe 2019. Ho phatloha ha SARS-CoV-2 ho ile ha ata ka potlako kamora moo mme ho bakile seoa sa lefats'e.1-3 Ka lebaka la tsebo e fokolang ea lefu la seoa le lefu la kokoana-hloko, palo ea batho ba shoang qalong ea ho qhoma e phahame.Leha ho se na litlhare tsa antiviral, taolo ea ho latela le kalafo ea COVID-19 e ntlafalitsoe haholo.Sena ke 'nete haholo-holo Chaena ha litlhare tsa adjuvant li kopantsoe le meriana ea setso ea Chaena ho phekola linyeoe tsa pele le tse itekanetseng.Bakuli ba 26 ba COVID-19 ba ruile molemo ka kutloisiso e betere ea liphetoho tsa pathological le li-parameter tsa laboratori tsa lefu lena.lefu.Ho tloha ka nako eo, palo ea batho ba shoang e theohile.Tlalehong ena, ha ho na lefu har'a linyeoe tse 52 tse hlahlobiloeng, ho kenyeletsoa bakuli ba 7 ba matla le ba kulang haholo (Letlapa la 1A le B).
Litlhahlobo tsa bongaka li fumane hore bakuli ba bangata ba nang le COVID-19 ba fokolitse li-lymphocyte le T cell subpopulations, tse amanang le ho teba ha lefu lena.13, 27 Tlalehong ena, ho ile ha fumanoa hore lisele tsa CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T, kakaretso ea lymphocyte, RDW pele ho phekolo, li-eosinophils le basophils li ne li le tlaase haholo ho feta ka mor'a phekolo (P = .000, .000, .000, .012, .04, .000 le .001).Liphetho tsa rona li tšoana le litlaleho tse fetileng.Litlaleho tsena li na le bohlokoa ba bongaka ba ho lekola ho teba ha COVID-19.8, 13, 23-25, 27, ha matšoao a ho ruruha a neutrophils, neutrophils/lymphocyte ratio (NLR ) Le CRP kamora kalafo ea pele ho kalafo (P = .004, . 011 le .017, ka ho latellana), tse hlokometsoeng le ho tlalehoa pele ho bakuli ba COVID-19.Ka hona, litekanyetso tsena li nkuoa e le matšoao a bohlokoa bakeng sa kalafo ea COVID-19.8.Ka mor'a phekolo, 11 hemoglobin le lisele tse khubelu tsa mali li fokotsehile haholo (P = .032, 0.026), e bontšang hore mokuli o ne a e-na le phokolo ea mali nakong ea phekolo.Keketseho ea PLT e ile ea hlokomeloa ka mor'a phekolo, empa e ne e se ea bohlokoa (P = .183) (Letlapa la 2).Ho fokotseha ha li-lymphocyte le T cell subpopulations ho nahanoa hore ho amana le ho fokotseha ha lisele le apoptosis ha li bokella libakeng tsa ho ruruha tse loantšang kokoana-hloko.Kapa, li ka 'na tsa jeoa ke secretion e feteletseng ea li-cytokine le liprotheine tsa ho ruruha.8.29 Ha re sheba, li-lymphocyte le li-T cell subsets li ile tsa hlaphoheloa ka mor'a phekolo, 'me linyeoe tsohle tsa 52 li ile tsa phekoloa (Letlapa la 1).Mefuta e phahameng ea li-neutrophils, NLR, le CRP e ile ea hlokomeloa pele ho phekoloa, 'me joale e fokotseha haholo ka mor'a phekolo (P = .004, .011, le .017, ka ho latellana) (Letlapa la 2).Ts'ebetso ea li-subsets tsa T cell ho tšoaetso le karabelo ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e tlalehiloe pele.29, 31-34
Kaha palo ea bakuli ba matla le ba matla haholo e nyane haholo, ha rea ka ra etsa tlhahlobo ea lipalo-palo lipakeng tsa bakuli ba matla le ba kulang haholo le bakuli ba itekanetseng.Li-subsets tsa T cell (CD3 +, CD4 +, CD8 +) le li-lymphocyte kaofela tsa bakuli ba matla le ba kulang haholo li tlase haholo ho feta tsa bakuli ba itekanetseng.Litekanyetso tsa li-neutrophils, NLR, PCT, le CRP ho bakuli ba matla le ba kulang haholo li ne li phahame haholo ho feta tsa bakuli ba itekanetseng (P = .005, .002, .049, le .002, ka ho latellana) (Letlapa la 3).Liphetoho lirapeng tsa laboratori li amana le ho teba ha COVID-19.35.36 Sesosa sa basophilia ha sea hlaka;sena se ka 'na sa bakoa ke ho sebelisoa ha lijo ha ho ntse ho loantša kokoana-hloko sebakeng sa tšoaetso e tšoanang le lymphocyte.35 Phuputso e fumane hore bakuli ba nang le COVID-19 e matla le bona ba ne ba fokolitse li-eosinophils;14 Leha ho le joalo, lintlha tsa rona ha lia ka tsa bontša hore ketsahalo ena e ka 'na ea e-ba ka lebaka la palo e nyenyane ea linyeoe tse matla le tse mahlonoko tse hlokometsoeng thutong.
Hoa thahasellisa hore re fumane hore ho bakuli ba matla le ba kulang haholo, ho na le kamano e ntle pakeng tsa litekanyetso tsa PT, ALT, le AST, tse bontšang hore ho senyeha ha litho tse ngata ho etsahetse tlhaselong ea kokoana-hloko, joalokaha ho boletsoe ho tse ling tse hlokometsoeng.37 Ka hona, e kanna ea ba liparamente tse ncha tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho lekola karabelo le boits'oaro ba kalafo ea COVID-19.
Tlhahlobo e eketsehileng e bontšitse hore CD3 +, CD8 +, lymphocyte kaofela, liplatelete le li-basophil tsa bakuli ba fetang lilemo tse 50 li ne li le tlase haholo ho feta tsa bakuli ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 50 (P = P = .049, .018, .019, .010 le. 039, ka ho latellana), ha maemo a neutrophils, NLR, CRP, le RBC RDW ho bakuli ba fetang lilemo tse 50 a ne a phahame haholo ho feta a bakuli ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 50 (P = .0191, 0.015, 0.009, le .010 , ka ho latellana) (Lethathamo la 4).Liphetho tsena li tšoana le litlaleho tse fetileng.14, 28, 29, 38-41 Ho fokotseha ha T cell subpopulations le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa CD4 +/CD8 + T lisele li amana le ho teba ha mafu;linyeoe tsa batho ba hōlileng li atisa ho ba matla haholoanyane;ka hona, li-lymphocyte tse ngata li tla jeoa karabelo ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung kapa e senyehile haholo.Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, RBC RDW e phahameng e bontša hore bakuli bana ba na le khaello ea mali.
Liphetho tsa lipatlisiso tsa rona li boetse li tiisa hore likarolo tsa hematological li bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa kutloisiso e betere ea liphetoho tsa kliniki ea bakuli ba COVID-19 le bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa tataiso ea kalafo le ponelopele.
Liang Juanying le Nong Shaoyun ba ile ba bokella lintlha le tlhahisoleseding ea bongaka;Jiang Liejun le Chi Xiaowei ba ile ba etsa tlhahlobo ea data;Dewu Bi, Jun Cao, Lida Mo, le Xiaolu Luo ba ile ba etsa tlhahlobo e tloaelehileng;Huang Huayi o ne a ikarabella bakeng sa kemolo le ho ngola.
Ka kopo, sheba lengolo-tsoibila la hau bakeng sa litaelo tsa ho seta phasewete ea hau bocha.Haeba u sa fumane lengolo-tsoibila ka mor'a metsotso e 10, aterese ea hau ea lengolo-tsoibila e kanna ea se ke ea ngolisoa 'me u ka hloka ho theha ak'haonte e ncha ea Wiley Online Library.
Haeba aterese e tšoana le ak'haonte e teng, u tla fumana lengolo-tsoibila le nang le litaelo tsa ho khutlisa lebitso la mosebelisi
Nako ea poso: Jul-22-2021